Gynaecology

Uterus

The uterus is a female reproductive organ located between the bladder and the rectum, in the pelvic area. The uterus has three layers: the inner lining (endometrium); the middle muscular layer (myometrium); and the outer layer (perimetrium). The uterus is connected to the fallopian tubes, the cervix, and (via the cervix) the vagina.

The main purpose of the uterus is to nourish a fetus prior to birth. In menstruating females, the ovaries release eggs that travel via the fallopian tubes to the uterus. If fertilized, the eggs will bind themselves to the wall of the uterus and the fetus will develop. The uterus nourishes and protects the fetus until birth.

The myometrium layer assists with labor in pushing the baby out of the uterus via the cervix and vagina. The serosa layer allows the uterus to move in the pelvic and abdominal areas as required, without damaging other organs or allowing the uterus to be damaged in turn.

 

What are Uterine Problems?

Conditions affecting the uterus or any other part of your reproductive system are referred to as uterine problems. Some common uterine problems include uterine fibroids, endometriosis, uterine prolapse and uterine tuberculosis.

 

What are the Symptoms of Uterine Problems?

Some common symptoms of uterine problems include:

 

• Pain in the uterine region

• Abnormal or heavy vaginal bleeding

• Irregular menstrual cycle

• Abnormal vaginal discharge

• Pain in the pelvis, lower abdomen or rectal area

• Increased menstrual cramping

• Increased urination

• Pain during intercourse

• Bleeding after intercourse

• Prolonged menstruation

• Abdominal swelling

• Constipation; discomfort during a bowel movement

• Recurrent bladder infections       

• Fatigue

• Fever

 

What Causes Uterine Problems?

Uterine Fibroids – The precise cause of uterine fibroids in unknown. However, some factors such hormones, family history and pregnancy increase the risk of uterine fibroids.

Endometriosis – It is generally caused by infections such as STI (sexually transmitted infections), tuberculosis and infections from normal vaginal bacteria.

Uterine prolapse – Ageing, lower levels of oestrogen, damaged pelvic muscles or tissues, obesity, chronic constipation, chronic cough can increase the risk of uterine prolapse.

Uterine tuberculosis - Sexual contact with an infected person

 

How are Uterine Problems diagnosed?

To diagnose a uterine problem, your doctor will first obtain your medical and family history in detail. A vaginal exam may be performed to check for any abnormalities. Your doctor may also recommend some laboratory tests such as PAP smear test to help identify the cause of the uterine problem. Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scan, sonogram or MRI may also be prescribed.

 

How are Uterine Problems Treated ?

Uterine problems may be treated using a combination of medication (including hormones), exercises and surgery such as hysterectomy, myomectomy. For some conditions, ‘watchful waiting' may be recommended. This means that no treatment is provided, but you will have to visit your doctor regularly to keep track of your condition and track symptoms.